The Middle Kingdom Period of Ancient Egypt

Running from the end of the first intermediate period to the start of the second, the Middle Kingdom lasted from about 2055-1650 B.C. It was composed of part of the 11th Dynasty, the 12th Dynasty, and current scholars add the first half of the 13th Dynasty. Predynastic EgyptPharaohs of the Predynastic Period, Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom Middle Kingdom Capital When 1st Intermediate Period Theban king Nebhepetra Mentuhotep II (2055-2004) reunited Egypt, the capital was at Thebes. Twelfth Dynasty king Amenemhat moved the capital to a new town, Amenemhat-itj -tawy (Itjtawy), in the Faiyum region, possibly near the necropolis at Lisht. The capital remained at Itjtawy for the rest of the Middle Kingdom. Middle Kingdom Burials During the Middle Kingdom, there were three types of burials: surface graves, with or without coffinshaft graves, usually with coffintombs with coffin and sarcophagus. Mentuhotep IIs mortuary monument was at Deir-el-Bahri in western Thebes. It was not the saff-tomb type of previous Theban rulers nor the reversion to Old Kingdom types of 12th Dynasty rulers. It had terraces and verandahs with groves of trees. It may have had a square mastaba tomb. His wives tombs were in the complex. Amenemhat II built a pyramid on a platform -- the White Pyramid at Dahshur. Senusret IIIs was a 60-m high mud-brick pyramid at Dashur. Acts of the Middle Kingdom Pharaohs Mentuhotep II made military campaigns in Nubia, which Egypt had lost by the 1st Intermediate Period. So did Senusret I under whom Buhen became Egypts southern border. Mentuhotep III was the first Middle Kingdom ruler to send an expedition to Punt for incense. He also built fortifications at Egypts northeastern border. Senusret instituted the practice of building of monuments at every cult site and paid attention to the cult of Osiris. Khakheperra Senusret II (1877-1870) developed the Faiyum irrigation scheme with dykes and canals. Senusret III (c.1870-1831) campaigned in Nubia and built fortresses. He (and Mentuhotep II) campaigned in Palestine. He may have gotten rid of the nomarchs who had helped cause the breakdown leading to the 1st Intermediate Period. Amenemhat III (c.1831-1786) engaged in mining operations that made heavy use of Asiatics and may have led to the settling of Hyksos in the Nile Delta. At Fayum a dam was built to channel Nile overflow into a natural lake to be used as needed for irrigation. Feudal Hierarchy of the Middle Kingdom There were still nomarchs in the Middle Kingdom, but they were no longer independent and lost power over the period. Under the pharaoh was the vizier, his chief minister, although there may have been 2 at times. There were also chancellor, overseer, and governors of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Towns had mayors. The bureaucracy was supported by taxes assessed in kind on yields (e.g., farm produce). Middle and lower class people were forced into labor which they could avoid only by paying someone else to do it. The pharaoh also gained wealth from mining and trade, which appears to have extended to the Aegean. Osiris, Death, and Religion In the Middle Kingdom, Osiris became the god of the necropolises. Pharaohs had participated in mystery rites for Osiris, but now [rivate individuals also took part in these rites. During this period, all people were thought to have the spiritual force or ba. Like the rites of Osiris, this had formerly been the province of kings. Shabtis were introduced. Mummies were given cartonnage masks. Coffin texts adorned the coffins of ordinary people. Female Pharaoh There was a female pharaoh in the 12th Dynasty, Sobekneferu/Neferusobek, daughter of Amenemhat III, and possibly half-sister of Amenemhet IV. Sobekneferu (or possibly Nitocris of the 6th Dynasty) was the first ruling queen of Egypt. Her rule of Upper and Lower Egypt, lasting 3 years, 10 months and 24 days, according to the Turin Canon, was the last one in the 12th Dynasty. Sources The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. by Ian Shaw. OUP 2000.Detlef Franke Middle Kingdom The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Ed. Donald B. Redford, OUP 2001

Essay on Ethical Issues in Secured Communications

Ethical Issues in Secured Communications 1. Introduction The outstanding growth of network technologies in the past decade have contributed to millions of new applications and industries. Literally millions of companies around the world were created to serve this huge growth. Even though many of those companies did not survive until the present time, most of the applications did survive and they are still widely used among consumers of all ages, cultures, and backgrounds. Most of the widely used applications are not secured. I will define what is meant by a secured communication later in the paper. However, this paper is more concerned in the way people use these applications in terms of identity. Many applications allow†¦show more content†¦2. Background 2.1 Security Background 2.1.1 Secured Communications Security and privacy are not new concepts. At 400 BC the Greeks used a transposition cipher. Individual letters were written on a long thin sheet of paper and then wrapped around a cylinder. The diameter of the cylinder was the key to find out the original letter. In this context, I find it necessary to give some definitions of related vocabulary in this field. -Plain text or PT is the original message that we need to send. Usually we do not want others to be able to know our original message. -Cipher text or CT is the encrypted plain text which is not readable for others. -Encryption is the process of changing a secret message (plain text) into a disguised one (cipher text). -Decryption is the process of changing the Cipher text back to the original Plain text. -Cryptography (literally means secret writing) is the science encompassing the principles and methods of transforming a PT message into a CT one, and then retransforming that message back to its original form. -cryptanalysis the study of principles and methods of transforming a CT message back into a PT message without knowledge of the key. Also called code breaking -cryptology both cryptography and cryptanalysis We encrypt the PT to get the CT and then send it on a communication channel. The channelShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues Of Securing Data Security1682 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment: Term Project - Project 3 1. Topic: Data Security 2. 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Issues in the Italian Culture-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the various Issues in the Italian Culture. Answer: Introduction The following paper discusses about the various issues in the Italian culture. Some of the cultural facts are also related with the Italian lives as well. I would be highlighting on the different issues that have been relevant in the rise of the Italian culture and the things that made the headlines. The different issues in the Italian life and culture include the facts like mafia, the Renaissance artists, the Roman Empire and the improvements that took place in that time, the philosophers and the experiences in the Naples Italy museums. I would like to display the contributions that they had served to enrich the Italian life and culture. This is extremely essential to know about the contributions of those people in the rise of the Italian culture before the whole world. Italian mafia The mafia groups in Italy had been the organized crime groups that had come to its contemporary situation over the centuries and it was raised from the island of Sicily that was ruled by the foreign invaders until of the middle of the nineteenth century (Paoli 2014). The people of Sicily very often went on to protect themselves in groups and they had always carried out their own justice in terms of people or place. The term mafloso could be applied to the Sicilians because it meant the mafia members. At the beginning this word mafia had no connotations about criminal things. The Sicilian Island belonged to Italy at that time and the thing is that the Sicilian mafia rose to power and they formed mafie which were the armies for the people who gained the power to extort the money from the landowners (Decker and Pyrooz 2013). Italy became a unified country and Sicily became a part of it. The government of Italy was just trying to gain the control by establishing themselves and they wanted the help from the Sicilian mafia to chase the dangerous and independent criminal groups. The government assured them that they would look at them in other ways (Decker and Pyrooz 2013). The expectation of the Italian government had failed and the mafia clans continued their quest of criminal activities further. The mafia became a controlling power in the political corruption and the Catholic Church had joined with the mafia clans in Italy. They had followed the code of conduct omerta in the Italian ground very strictly. The Roman times The Roman times or the Roman Empire had a very important significance in the Italian culture. Roman Empire had been one of the major centers of Renaissance. Many cultural improvements took place here through many centuries. All types of things that influence the culture like science and technology, sculpture, theatre, visual art and music had been very important in this context (Garnsey and Saller 2014). The writing of the ancient music was written in Italy and many famous musicians came to prominence in the Roman era (Stephens 2014). I would like to highlight that in this period many beautiful pieces of literature were also written as well. Italy had provided classical musical tradition and set an example before many countries. I must mention the name of the La Scala opera house in Milan that is considered to be one of the best known auditoriums in the world. Giovanni Palestrina had composed several masterpieces of music in the Renaissance period. The evolution of ballets also emerg ed in this time (Bury 2012). Some other important artworks that could be found to showcase the brilliance of Italian culture are Crucifix, The Baptistery Doors, The Four Crowned Martyrs, Deposition of Christ, The Life of the Virgin, The History of True Cross and numerous others. The rise of art especially sculptures, occurred in the Roman Empire with the Augustus of Primaporta. In this period, the pure realism of the Republican period was joined with the Greek idealism. The great sculpture designs of Michelangelo had become very prominent. This was due to the fact that the Roman emperors always paid patronage to the artists of the time who enriched the contemporary culture. So I suppose that they were one of the main people to play the role of influencing the people. Renaissance artists and philosophers In this part of the paper, I would be highlighting about the different aspects of the Roman culture and the Italian life and culture as a whole (Burke 2013). The focus will be on the role of the Roman arists and philosophers who had evolved in the period of Renaissance. In fact, it can be said that Renaissance was the time when most of the prolific artists had gained the prolific rise. Several artists had been on the threshold of proving themselves in front of the world to be the very best. Some famous artists that came to the limelight in the Renaissance period are Michelangelo, Giotto, Raphael, Titian, Donatello, Domenico Ghirlandaio and several others. The famous philosophers who reigned supreme in that period of Renaissance were Petrarch, Niccolo Machiavelli, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Marsilio Ficcino, Bernardino Telesio, Lucilio Vanini and several others (Burke 2013). I strongly believe that they had contributed a major part in the success and upliftment of the Italian life and culture (Wilson 2016). Some of the major artworks in this Renaissance period are David, The Last Supper, Annunciation, The Last Judgment, The Creation of Adam, The Sistine Madonna and many others. The important philosophical traits that were discussed in this time were Humanism, Neo-Platonism, Machiavellian and others (Audi 2015). Naples Italy museums The Naples Italy museum is considered to be one of the most important parts of the culture of Italy. It is related with the Italian people as well. The museum depicts the history of several things that have influenced the lives and culture of the people (Amato et al. 2013). The things that are embedded in the museum are the quality works of the Greek, Roman and Renaissance times. The things include the typical archaeological things as well. These things have enriched the culture of Italy to a certain extent. Some of the important figures that are present in the museum are Farnese Hercules, Farnese Atlas, Farnese Bull, Venus Kallipgyos, Harmodius and Aristogeiton and several other things. They have a collection of the busts of many Roman Emperors that shows the rich tradition Italy had. There are some important instances of mosaics present in the museum from the ruins of the Pompeii. These important mosaics include Alexander Mosaic that could date back to 100 BC was found from the House of Faun in Pompeii. Another important instance of fresco painting was the fresco of Heron and Cobra that was found from the House of Epigrammes. These things have been found after a tireless effort of the archaeologists to prove the rich cultural tradition Italy ever possessed. Another important mosaic painting includes the Cave Canem (beware of dog). I suppose these are precious documents of the Italian life and culture and should be preserved for the generations to come (Astarita 2013). Conclusion This paper can be concluded by saying that Italian life and culture has been one of the most beautiful and brilliant pieces of artwork. The Renaissance period has given birth to many stalwart people in various fields of art. The philosophers of this period also catered to the betterment of the culture. In this paper, I have discussed various things about the Italian mafia and its influence on the lives of people. The influence of the Renaissance has been immense in this sense because the famous works of art, painting, sculpture and philosophical pieces have evolved in this period only. So, it is of immense significance to know about these things. References Amato, F., Chianese, A., Mazzeo, A., Moscato, V., Picariello, A. and Piccialli, F., 2013. The talking museum project.Procedia Computer Science,21, pp.114-121. Astarita, T., 2013.A Companion to Early Modern Naples. Brill. Audi, R., 2015. The Cambridge dictionary of philosophy. Burke, P., 2013.The Italian Renaissance: culture and society in Italy. John Wiley Sons. Bury, J.B., 2012.History of the later Roman Empire(Vol. 1). Courier Corporation. Decker, S.H. and Pyrooz, D., 2013. Gangs Another Form of Organized Crime?. InThe Oxford Handbook of Organized Crime. Garnsey, P. and Saller, R.P., 2014.The Roman Empire: economy, society and culture. Bloomsbury Publishing. Paoli, L., 2014. The Italian Mafia. InThe Oxford handbook of organized crime. Stephens, J., 2014.The Italian Renaissance: the origins of intellectual and artistic change before the Reformation. Routledge. Wilson, N.G., 2016.From Byzantium to Italy: Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance. Bloomsbury Publishing

Acid Rain Legislation Essay Example For Students

Acid Rain Legislation Essay Acid Rain LegislationAcid rain is a destructive force as a result of nature and man colliding. It is formed through harmful industrial emissions combining with contents ofthe earths atmosphere; a dangerous combination. This prompted governmentsthroughout North America to take action. Many laws and regulations have beenimplemented, yet the question still remains, Should tougher legislation beimplemented to force industries to reduce acid rain emissions?To decide whether tougher legislation should be implemented, one mustfirst understand the details of what exactly acid rain is. Acid rain is aresult of mankinds carelessness. It travels a long one of the most efficientbiogeochemical cycles on earth, the Hydrologic Cycle. This allows acid rain todistribute itself further away from its source causing more than local problems. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) is released by fossil fuels when they undergo combustion. Power plants and other fossil fuel burning industrial areas release variousforms of nitrous oxides (Nox). These two chemical compounds combine with thewater in the atmosphere to form what is known as acid rain. The main reason that has prompted legislation of industrial emissionsfrom governments is because of the negative effects they can have on theenvironment. Acid rain is harmful to the environment because of its low pH. It can harm the biotic components of earth, and also the abiotic components. Its high acidity degrades soil to the point where it cannot support any type ofplant life. Trees in forests are killed over long-term exposure. When thesetrees are killed, an imbalance in the hydrologic cycle can occur. Withoutliving trees to consume the precipitate, it must be consumed by the earth or anyother plants. These will receive an excess of water, causing other problems inthe hydrologic cycle. This in turn causes a chain reaction of death among ourforests. Some regions are more susceptible to acid rain because they dont haveenough Alkaline soil to neutralize the acid before it is able to destroy therest of the soil or before it can run off into lakes or rivers. Aquaticenvironments can be greatly affected by soil runoff. Acidic soil may runoffinto lakes and rivers due to erosion, causing acid rain to destroy moreenvironment. Acid rain aquatic animals as well as aquatic plant life. Whenacid rain combines with water in major bodies of water, it not only destroyswildlife habita t, it destroys our drinking water. An aquatic ecosystem is verydependent on each and every aspect within itself. Once one species dies off,others that depend on it, will eventually begin to die off also. Thissystematic chain continues until the entire body of water is completely abiotic. The reason acid rain is so effective in destroying ecosystems is because itharms everything in that particular ecosystem. Being distributed through thehydrologic cycle, acid rain is capable of destroying everything in its path. Many laws and agreements have been implemented by governments in NorthAmerica to reduce acid rain emissions. The question governments are asking is:Are these regulations enough?. One of the more famous laws/organizationsimplemented by North American governments was the Clean Air Act which wassigned in 1991. Also in 1991, Canada signed an agreement with the United statesconcerning air quality. Media explains that the agreement has enough frameworkto address all transboundary air pollution issues. It is a very broad/generalagreement that should highly reduce air pollution between these two majorcountries of the world. This agreement contains other specific commitments foremissions reductions relating to acid rain precursors and research as well as acommitment to review the Agreement in its fifth year. This allows forexpansion of the agreement in the near future. Research and studies forced bythis agreement is also an intelligent decision among these countries; educationis the basis of all knowledge. Besides agreements and legislations of sorts,technology is an awesome force in the reduction of acid rain emissions. Theonly down side to this technology is that it is extremely expensive. Scrubbershave been placed in the smokestacks to remove harmful emissions. Lime is usedin lakes to neutralize the low pH levels. Without studies being conducted andresearch being taken out on acid rain, these technologies would not be heretoday. This is why education may be the ultimate technology in the reduction ofacid rain emissions. .u851b714c286bee959971db0d257363aa , .u851b714c286bee959971db0d257363aa .postImageUrl , .u851b714c286bee959971db0d257363aa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u851b714c286bee959971db0d257363aa , .u851b714c286bee959971db0d257363aa:hover , .u851b714c286bee959971db0d257363aa:visited , .u851b714c286bee959971db0d257363aa:active { border:0!important; } .u851b714c286bee959971db0d257363aa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u851b714c286bee959971db0d257363aa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u851b714c286bee959971db0d257363aa:active , .u851b714c286bee959971db0d257363aa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u851b714c286bee959971db0d257363aa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u851b714c286bee959971db0d257363aa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u851b714c286bee959971db0d257363aa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u851b714c286bee959971db0d257363aa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u851b714c286bee959971db0d257363aa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u851b714c286bee959971db0d257363aa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u851b714c286bee959971db0d257363aa .u851b714c286bee959971db0d257363aa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u851b714c286bee959971db0d257363aa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Agriculture In US EssayShould tougher legislation be implemented to force industry to reduceacid rain emissions? From an environmental point of viewyes, anything thatcan be done, should be done. Whether it be through studies, research, newtechnologies, anything for our environment. From an economical point ofviewno, technology is very expensive and hardly affordable in terms of mostindustries. Technology can reduce the dangers of acid rain, but at what cost?Tougher legislation should be implemented to preserve our environments, topreserve our lifestyle, and life on earth. Social Issues